Agricultural  College  Bulletin. 


Series  VI. 


Published  Quarterly. 


Number  3. 


Entered  at  the  postoffice  at  Fort  Collins,  Colo.,  as  second-class  matter. 


Colorado  State  Agricultural  College. 


Department  of 
Mechanical  Engineering 


Published  by  The  State  Agricultural  College, 
Fort  Collins,  Colorado. 


Department  of 
Mechanical  Engineering 


JAMES  W.  LAWKEXCE.  M.  E. 

Professor  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 

FRED  N.  LAN GRIDGE,  M.  E. 

Instructor  in  Mechanical  Engineering. 

ALBERT  CAMMACK,  B.  M.  E. 

Instructor  in  Mechanical  Engineering. 

HIRAM  PIERCE 

Instructor  in  Carpentry. 

WILLIAM  ELZINGA 

Instructor  in  Forge  and  Foundry  Practice. 

JAMES  L.  VEASEY 

In  Charge  of  Mechanical  Engineering 
Buildings  and  Steam  Plant. 

FLORENCE  M.  ROLLER 

Stenographer. 


MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING. 


Mechanical  Engineering  relates  to  the  construction  and  use 
of  machinery,  such  as  steam  engines,  machine  tools,  etc. 

It  would  be  impossible  to  draw  hard  and  fast  lines  between  the 
various  branches  of  engineering  and  no  one  has  yet  attempted  to  do 
so,  and  just  how  much  should  be  included  in  a  course  in  Mechanical 
Engineering  is  still  largely  a  matter  of  the  personal  opinion  of  the 
one  outlining  the  course. 

The  course  as  presented  at  The  Colorado  Agricultural  College 
is  such  as  is  given  at  the  best  technical  schools  of  the  United  States. 
The  instruction  is  intended  to  be  thorough  and  the  equipment  is  of 
the  very  best,  care  being  taken  when  obtaining  apparatus  that  each 
piece  shall  be  of  the  greatest  usefulness  for'its  purpose.  Colorado  is 
forging  ahead  magnificently  along  industrial  lines,  and  with  the  de¬ 
velopment  of  the  vast  natural  resources  within  her  borders  new 
industrial  enterprises  are  springing  up  everywhere,  while  the  older 
ones  are  becoming  more  firmly  established.  With  this  industrial 
growth  comes  a  demand  for  men  competent  to  solve  the  problems 
connected  with  such  enterprises.  Young  men  from  this  College  are 
in  many  of  these  establishments,  occupying  positions  of  trust  and  re¬ 
sponsibility. 

This  course  prepares  students  for  the  profession  of  Mechani¬ 
cal  Engineering.  It  teaches  the  general  principles  of  engineering 
and  unites  theoretical  work  and  practical  re-search.  Instruction  is 
imparted  by  means  of  text-books,  lectures,  illustrations,  and  experi¬ 
ments  in  testing  materials,  machines  and  motors. 

As  the  course  in  Mechanical  Engineering  is,  in  part,  designed 
to  enable  the  student  to  solve  those  problems  relating  to  the  genera¬ 
tion  and  transmission  of  power  and  its  application  to  machines, 
much  of  his  time  is  spent  in  the  drawing-room,  workshops  and 
experimental  laboratory. 


REQUIREMENTS  FOR  ADMISSION 

Students  are  admitted  to  any  year  upon  passing  required  ex¬ 
aminations. 

(i)  First  Sub-Freshman  Year.  Students  presenting 
eighth  grade  diplomas,  or  certificates  of  standard  excellence  may  be 
admitted  without  formal  examinations,  except  such  as  come  from 
towns  having  accredited  high  schools.  The  latter  must  pass  an  ex¬ 
amination  in  arithmetic,  grammar,  reading,  spelling,  penmanship, 


4 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


and  United  States  history.  Applicants  for  admission  must  be  at 
least  fifteen  years  of  age. 

(2)  Second  Sub-Freshman  Year.  Those  having  finished 
the  accredited  high  school  ninth  and  tenth  grades  in  a  satisfactory 
manner  will  be  admitted  to  the  Second  Sub-Freshman  year  without 
examination. 

(3)  Freshman  Year.  Students  are  admitted  to  the  Fresh¬ 
man  year  after  thorough  examinations  taken  in  the  subjects  con¬ 
tained  in  the  First  and  Second  Sub-Freshman  years,  or  upon  the 
presentation  of  certificates  of  graduation  from  accredited  high 
schools.  Certificates  from  schools  not  accredited  may  be  considered 
in  arranging  for  entrance  examinations.  The  following  schools  are 
accredited : 

Aspen  High  School. 

Boulder  High  School. 

Canon  City  High  School. 

Carbondale  High  School. 

Central  City  High  School. 

Cheyenne,  Wyoming,  High  School. 

Colorado  Springs  High  School. 

Cripple  Creek  High  School. 

Delta  High  School. 

Denver  High  School,  District  Xo.  1. 

Denver  High  School,  District  Xo.  2. 

Denver  Manual  Training  High  School. 

Douglass  County  High  School  (Castle  Rock). 

Durango  High  School. 

Eaton  High  School. 

Florence  High  School. 

Fort  Collins  High  School. 

Fort  Morgan  High  School. 

Georgetown  High  School. 

Golden  High  School. 

Grand  Junction  High  School. 

Greeley  High  School. 

Gunnison  County  High  School. 

Idaho  Springs  High  School. 

Lamar  High  School. 

Las  Animas  High  School. 

Leadville  High  School. 

Littleton  High  School. 

Logan  County  High  School  (Sterling). 

Longmont  High  School. 

Loveland  High  School. 

Manitou  High  School. 


Department  of  Mechanicae  Engineering. 


5 


Wood  Working  Room  Looking  East. 


6 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


Mont  Clair  High  School. 

Monte  Vista  High  School. 

Montrose  County  High  School  (Montrose). 
North  Denver  High  School. 

Pueblo  High  School,  District  No.  i. 

Pueblo  High  School,  District  No.  20. 
Rocky  Ford  High  School. 

Saguache  County  High  School  (Saguache). 
Salida  High  School. 

South  Canon  High  School  (Canon  City). 
South  Denver  High  School. 

Trinidad  High  School. 

Telluride  High  School. 

Union  High  School,  No.  1,  (La  Junta). 
Victor  High  School. 

Wheat  Ridge  High  School  (Alcott). 


Blacksmith  Shop. 


Candidates  for  advanced  classes  or  work  will  be  admitted  by 
examination,  or  certified  standing  from  schools  having  an  equiva¬ 
lent  grade  of  work,  or  both. 

Applicants  appearing  late  in  the  College  year  will  be  required 


Department  oe  Mechanical  Engineering.  7 

to  pass,  in  addition  to  the  entrance  examination,  a  further  examina¬ 
tion  in  the  work  already  passed  over  by  the  class  they  desire  to 
enter. 

The  work  of  the  Mechanical  Engineering  Course  begins  with 
the  Freshman  year. 

First  and  Second  Sub-Freshman  Years 

Leading  to  Freshman  Year. 


FIRST  SUB-FRESHMAN  YEAR 


EALL  TERM. 


Algebra  . 

Elementary  Rhetoric 
Ancient  History  .  .  . 


P.  M. — Freehand  Drawing.. 


WINTER  TERM. 

Algebra  . 

Elementary  Rhetoric 

*4  Physiology . 5  1  P.  M. — Shop . to 

p2  Ancient  History . 5  j 

SPRING  TERM. 

Algebra . . 5] 

Elementary  Rhetoric . 5  -  P.  M. — Freehand  Drawing..  .  . 

American  Literature . 5  J 


SECOND  SUB-FRESHMAN  YEAR 


Geometry 
Physics  . 

J 

French  . 


Geometry . 

Elementary  Botany 
French  . 


FALL  TERM. 

. . .  .5I ■  P.  M.- 

. si 

WINTER  TERM. 

..••5  >P-  M, 
. 5  ) 


■Physical  Laboratory. .  10 


-Shop 


TO 


SPRING  TERM. 

Geometry . 5  'j 

Elementary  Botany . 5  P.  M. — Shop . 10 

French  . :  .5  J 

Figures  indicate  hours  per  week. 


10 


8 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 

MECHANICAL  ENGINEERING 

FRESHMAN  YEAR 


FALL  TERM. 

College  Algebra . 5  )  P*  M. — Mechanical  Drawing.  10 

Rhetoric . 5  Shop  . 10 

Carpentry  and  Joinery . 2  ) 

WINTER  'TERM. 

Tr  igonometry . 5  ) 

English  Literature . 5  /  P.  M. — Shop  (Bench  Work 

Mech’l  Drawing  (Lettering) .  .2  ]  in  Wood)  . 10 

Rhetoric . 3  j 

SPRING  TERM. 

Physics  . 5  j  P.  M. — Jd  Physical  Lab . 10 

Surveying . 5  Jd  Surveying . 10 

College  Algebra . 5  J 

SOPHOMORE  YEAR 

FALL  TERM. 

Mechanics . 5  ) 

Analytics  . 5  j 

Machine  Drawing . 2  )  P.  M. — Shop  (Forge) . 10 

Descriptive  Geometry . 3  j 

WINTER  TERM. 

Differential  Calculus . ;  ) 

v 

Workshop  Appliances . 2  )  P.  M. — Shop  (Wood  Turn- 

Machine  Drawing  and  Design,  .5  )  ing)  . 10 

Descriptive  Geometry . 3  J 

SPRING  TERM. 

Integral  Calculus . 5  I 

Special  Machines . 5  P.  M. — Shop  (Pattern  Mak- 

Machine  Design . 5  J  ing)  . 10 

JUNIOR  YEAR 


FALL  TERM. 

Principles  of  Mechanism . 5)  P.  M. — Chemical  Laboratory .  .6 

Strength  of  Materials . 5  Strength  of  Mater- 

Chemistry  . 5  J  ials  Laboratory  ...  .4 

WINTER  TERM. 

Chemistry . 5  I 

Machine  Design . 5  P.  M. — Chemical  Laboratory.  10 

Steam  Boilers . S  J 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


9 


SPRING  TERM. 

Steam  Engine . 5  \ 

Metallurgy  . 3  j 

Hydraulics  . 5  I  P.  M. — Shop  (Foundry)  .  .  ..10 

Pumping  Machinery . 2  J 

SENIOR  YEAR 

FALL  TERM. 

Gas  and  Oil  Engines . 2  ) 

Steam  Engine  Design . 3  j 

Transmission  of  Power . 3  j  P.  M. — Shop  (Machine  Rm.)  10 

Thermo- Dynamics . 5 

Compressed  Air  Machinery.  .  ..2  J 

WINTER  TERM. 

Thermo-Dynamics . 5  ) 

Heating  and  Ventilation . 3  J 

Railway  Mechanical  Eng . 2  )  P.  M. — Shop  (Machine  Rm.)  10 

Contracts  and  Specifications .  . .  1  J 

Seminar . 1  I 

Steam  Engine  Design . 3  J 

SPRING  TERM. 

Thesis  .  .  .  : . 3  ) 

Engineering  Design . 2 

Electrical  Machinery . 3  J 

Railway  Mechanical  Eng . 2  P.  M. — Engineering  Lab.  .  .  .  to 

Constitution  of  U.  S . 4  V 

Seminar . 1  J 

Figures  indicate  hours  per  week. 


THE  COURSE  OF  STUDY 

Rhetoric.  It  is  designed  in  this  work  to  train  the  student  in 
the  theory  and  practice  of  English  Composition,  and  by  the  study  of 
the  fundamental  principles  of  style,  to  aid  him  in  an  intelligent  appre¬ 
ciation  of  literature.  The  students  are  given  a  thorough  drill  in  the 
fundamental  processes  of  English  Composition,  special  attention  be¬ 
ing  given  to  grammatical  analysis,  ami  the  structure  of  sentences. 
The  work  is  carried  on  daily  through^!  the  Fall  and  Winter  terms 
of  the  Freshman  year. 

LITERATURE 

T  /  » 

It  is  the  object  of  this  study  to  lead  indents  by  direct  contact 
with  the  literary  masterpieces  to  understand  the  art  in  literature, 


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IO 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


and  to  develop  their  power  of  appreciating  the  strength  and  beauty 
of  English  writings. 

In  the  Winter  term  of  the  Freshman  year  a  course  in  literature 
is  given  arranged  with  special  regard  to  the  needs  of  technical  stu¬ 
dents.  The  order  of  the  development  of  the  various  forms  of 
English  poetry  and  prose  is  reviewed  with  a  sufficient  historical 
back-ground  to  explain  the  changes  in  literature,  and  to  make  the 


A  Corner  in  the  Blacksmith  Shop,  Showing  Power  Shears 

and  Power  Hammer. 


student  generally  intelligent  as  to  the  literary  progress  of  English 
speaking  peoples.  The  larger  part  of  the  term  is  devoted  to  the 
reading  of  such  classics  as  will  lead  to  an  appreciation  of  the 
qualities  which  mark  the  work  of  good  writers,  both  old  and  new. 
One  aim  of  the  course  is  to  familiarize  the  student  with  the  arrange¬ 
ment  and  practical  use  of  the  College  library  and  to  supply  a  workin 
knowledge  of  its  equipment  which  may  guide  his  reading  durin 
the  College  course  and  later. 


bn  b /) 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


i  i 

English  Literature.  The  growth  and  development  of  liter¬ 
ary  art  during  the  Seventeenth,  Eighteenth  and  Nineteenth  centuries 
will  form  the  basis  for  work  during  the  Fall  and  Winter  terms  of 
the  Senior  year.  Much  reading  will  be  required  and  more  recom¬ 
mended.  The  class  work  will  consist  of  the  study  of  several  master¬ 
pieces  from  Milton  and  Tennyson,  with  written  exercises  on  subjects 
suggested  by  the  readings. 

Library  Reading.  The  College  library  is  the  laboratory  of 
the  literature  department,  and  four  hours  per  week  of  library  read¬ 
ing  is  expected  of  each  student  in  connection  with  all  courses  in 
History  and  Literature. 


Foundry. 


CONSTITUTIONAL  HISTORY  AND  LAW 

The  study  of  the  history  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  growth  of  free  institutions,  which  that  document 
sc  fitly  emphasizes,  is  a  prominent  feature  of  the  course,  especially 
during  the  Senior  year.  Instruction  is  given  concerning  all  the  events 
and  causes  which  led  to  the  formation  of  the  National  Government 


12 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


as  it  exists  today,  and  the  same  traced  to  their  historic  sources. 
The  workings  of  the  Federal  Government,  together  with  its  rela¬ 
tions  to  the  States,  are  also  amply  illustrated  by  frequent  class 
lectures.  Such  information  is  due  at  the  hands  of  every  institution 
maintained  by  State  or  National  aid  as  tending  to  better  fit  their 
graduates  for  the  duties  of  citizenship,  and  for  the  responsibilities  of 
a  republican  form  of  government  which  rest  with  especial  weight 
upon  those  who  have  received  their  education  free  at  the  hands  of 
the  State  and  Nation. 

In  connection  with  the  study  of  constitutional  history,  there  is 
also  instruction  given  in  international  law,  which  includes  not 
only  a  concise  investigation  of  the  general  principles  and 
rules  of  this  science,  but  a  history  of  all  the  great  dip¬ 
lomatic  questions  which  have  at  different  periods  claimed  the 
attention  of  the  people  of  the  United  States,  from  the  French  al¬ 
liance  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution  to  the  conference  at  The 
Hague.  This  naturally  comprises  a  consideration  of  the  diplomacy 
which  has  led  to  all  the  vast  acquisitions  of  territory  which  have 
extended  the  United  States  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

Closely  associated  with  this  work  are  studies  in  political  econ¬ 
omy.  Frequent  lectures  on  the  history  and  growth  of  the  trans- 
Mississippi  West  are  also  given. 

These  studies,  following  a  thorough  course  in  history,  cover  in 
a  comprehensive  manner  the  various  political  sciences,  and  will  be 
found  of  every-day  practical  advantage  to  all  graduates  when  they 
shall  have  entered  upon  the  real  and  active  duties  of  life. 

CHEMISTRY 

Chemistry.  The  prescribed  course  of  study  in  this  subject 
has  been  planned  to  include  no  more  of  the  science  than  is  advisable 
for  a  collegiate  course,  the  object  being  to  present  the  principles  of 
the  science  and  such  facts  as  are  necessary  for  a  reasonable  thorough 
understanding  of  these  principles. 

The  means  employed  in  giving  instruction  are  recitations,  lec¬ 
tures  and  laboratory  practice.  The  aim  is  to  give  the  student  the 
benefit  of  the  discipline  of  the  recitation  system,  the  illustration  of 
the  lecture  and  the  inductive  system  of  the  laboratory.  The  object 
aimed  at  is  wholly  educational  and  is  included  in  an  acquaintance 
with  the  scope  and  character  of  the  science,  the  necessity  of  a  clear 
perception  of  facts  and  an  exact  statement  of  the  same;  also  the 
importance  of  neatness  and  exactness.  The  latter  are  obtained  by 
requiring  all  experiments  to  be  done  quantitatively,  first  requiring* 
the  student  to  calculate  the  result  which  should  be  obtained,  and 
testing  his  work  by  the  agreement  of  the  actual  results  with  the 
calculated  one. 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering.  13 

Laboratory  practice  is  not  begun  until  the  student  has  received 
sufficient  instruction  in  stoechiometric  calculation,  and  the  general 
properties  of  acids,  bases  and  salts,  to  make  him  fully  comprehend 
the  simple  problems  given  in  illustration  of  the  general  principles 
of  Chemistry. 


Machine  Room. 


The  instruction  during  the  first  term  covers  the  general  princi¬ 
ples  of  Chemistry  and  the  chemistry  of  the  not-metals.  The  chem¬ 
istry  of  the  metals  is  given  by  lectures.  Organic  Chemistry  is  taken 
up  during  the  second  term  and  the  fatty  compounds  completed. 


14 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


MATHEMATICS 

General  Statement.  The  course  in  Mathematics  is  full  and 
complete.  The  different  subjects  are  taken  up  in  logical  order  as 
rapidly  as  the  student  has  fitted  himself  for  them. 

Freshman — College  Algebra,  two  terms. 

Plane  Trigonometry,  one  term. 

Sophomore — Analytical  Geometry,  one  term. 

Differential  Calculus,  one  term. 

Intergral  Calculus,  one  term. 

Descriptive  Geometry,  two  terms. 


Student  Cutting  a  Spiral  Gear. 

College  Algebra.  For  two  terms  in  the  Freshman  year  the 
student  deals  with  the  principles  of  advanced  algebra.  The  work  be¬ 
gins  with  quadratic  equations,  and  during  the  first  term  the  student  is 
expected  to  cover  the  entire  subjects  of  quadratics,  ratio  and  pro- 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


15 


portion,  variation,  progressions,  binominal  theorem,  and  logarithms. 
During  the  second  term  the  following  subjects  are  taken  up  in  order : 
Variables  and  limits,  series,  general  properties  of  equations,  deriva¬ 
tives,  transformation  and  solution  of  equations  of  the  third  and 
higher  degrees,  and  what  time  remains  is  given  to  choice,  chance, 
and  the  graphical  representation  of  functions,  thus  opening  the  way 
for  Analytical  Geometry. 

Trigonometry.  This  subject  is  taken  up  in  the  Freshman  year 
and  during  a  term's  work  in  it  the  student  is  made  familiar  with 
Plane  and  Spherical  Trigonometry.  He  is  given  a  clear  idea  of 
the  trigonometrical  concepts,  shown  their  relations  and  given  con¬ 
siderable  practice  in  the  practical  application  of  this  branch  of 
Mathematics. 

Analytical  Geometry.  This  subject  is  taught  during  the 
first  term  of  the  Sophomore  year.  The  student  is  made  acquainted 
with  the  method  of  co-ordinates  and  the  connection  between  alge¬ 
braic  forms.  The  fundamental  properties  of  conic  sections,  loci  of 
the  second  order,  and  higher  plane  curves  are  developed  and  as 
much  more  of  the  subject  as  time  permits. 

Calculus.  The  Winter  and  Spring  terms  of  the  Sophomore 
year  are  devoted  to  the  study  of  the  Differential  and  Integral  Cal¬ 
culus.  “Differential  and  Integral  Calculus/'  by  Granville,  is  the 
text-book  used,  and  the  subject  is  pursued  as  there  given.  The  no¬ 
tation  of  limits  is,  however,  made  the  logical  basis  upon  which  the 
subject  is  developed. 

Descriptive  Geometry.  This  subject  is  taught  to  the  stu¬ 
dents  for  two  terms  during  their  Sophomore  year.  The  principles 
of  projection,  intersection,  development,  etc.,  are  discussed  and  il¬ 
lustrated  by  a  great  variety  of  problems,  all  of  which  are  accurately 
worked  out  on  the  draughting  board  by  each  student. 

The  Mathematical  department  is  provided  with  a  set  of  Schroe- 
der  models  from  Darmstadt,  and  with  models  of  warped  surfaces, 
etc.,  for  the  purpose  of  illustration  in  the  study  of  geometry.  There 
is  also  a  set  of  drawings  for  the  use  and  study  of  curves  and  curve 
tracing. 

Surveying.  In  the  Freshman  year  land  surveying  and  level¬ 
ing,  and  the  use  of  the  compass  and  level  as  instruments  of  survey¬ 
ing  are  taught. 


1 6 


The  State  Agricultural  College 


Samples  of  Students’  Work  from  the  Wood  Working  Room  and  Blacksmith  Shop. 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


i 


/ 


Samples  of  Work  Made  by  Students  in  the  Blacksmith  Shop. 


i8 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


PHYSICS 

The  work  in  Physics  has  two  main  purposes  in  view:  First, 
the  thorough  grounding  in  the  mind  of  the  student  of  those  funda¬ 
mental  principles  of  the  science  that  form  so  much  of  the  foundation 
upon  which  all  subsequent  specialization  in  engineering  rests ;  sec¬ 
ond,  the  testing  for  himself  applications  of  these  principles  in  the 
laboratory,  thereby  developing  his  reasoning  faculty,  quickening  his 
powers  of  observation,  giving  skill  in  manipulation,  and  leading  up 
to  a  high  ideal  of  truth  and  honesty. 


Students  at  Work  in  Machine  Room. 


The  aim  of  the  work  in  Applied  Electricity  is  to  give  the  ad¬ 
vanced  students  that  knowledge  of  the  applications  of  electricity  in 
their  line  of  work  that  the  increasing  use  of  electricity  in  all  indus¬ 
trial  work  demands. 

General  Physics.  Spring  Term.  Lectures,  Laboratory  for 
Freshman  Engineering  students. 

Mechanics.  Fall  Term.  Sophomore  Engineering  students. 

APPLIED  ELECTRICITY 

Spring  Term,  Lectures. 

Seniors  in  Mechanical  Engineering. 

Lectures  in  the  general  theory  of  various  types  of  generators 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


19 


and  motors,  central  station  installations,  power  transmission,  and 
electrically  driven  machinery. 

The  Physical  Laboratory  consists  of  office,  lecture  room,  two 
rooms  used  for  general  laboratory  work,  a  photometer  room,  ap¬ 
paratus  room  and  shop.  All  rooms  are  well  lighted  by  electricity. 

The  lecture  room  will  accommodate  thirty-five  students.  It  is 
supplied  with  water,  gas,  direct  and  alternating  electric  currents, 
ample  blackboard  space,  and  with  electric  and  solar  projection  lan¬ 
terns.  The  demonstration  apparatus  has  been  especially  selected 
for  its  value  in  teaching. 

The  general  laboratory  is  equipped  with  micrometers,  apparatus 
for  determining  coefficients  of  elasticity,  for  testing  the  strength  of 
materials,  acceleration  apparatus,  simple  and  reversible  pendulums, 
chronograph,  analytic  and  specific  gravity  balances;  hydrometers, 
air  pumps  and  accessories,  thermometers,  calorimeters,  spectrometer, 
primary  and  secondary  batteries  with  dynamo  for  charging  the  lat¬ 
ter.  standard  resistances,  a  high  resistance  testing  set,  Crompton 
potentiometer  and  standard  cells,  standard  tangent  galvanometer, 
high  sensibility  galvanometers,  quadrant  electrometers,  ohmmeters, 
ammeters,  voltmeters,  and  wattmeters.  Much  of  the  equipment  is 
new,  all  is  in  good  order.  This  makes  good  quantitative  work  pos¬ 
sible  and  permits  a  high  order  of  accuracy  to  be  insisted  upon  and 
maintained  in  all  laboratory  work. 

The  photometer  room  is  provided  with  a  Leeds'  Station  Photo¬ 
meter  with  all  necessary  appliances  for  measuring  the  candle  power 
and  efficiency  of  incandescent  lamps.  In  the  shop  is  a  screw  cutting 
lathe  and  a  fairly  good  assortment  of  metal  and  wood  working  tools. 

The  students  have  access  to  a  carefully  selected  reference  li- 
brary. 

DRAWING 

Free-hand  copy  and  dictation;  free-hand  model  and  object 
drawing;  light  and  shade;  geometric  problems,  orthographic  and 
isometric  projections  and  projection  of  shadows,  development  and 
intersection  of  surfaces. 

Free-hand  drawing  gives  students  facility  in  representing  ob¬ 
jects  clearly  upon  paper.  Free-hand  exercises  gradually  lead  up  to 
making  sketches  of  machines  and  parts  of  machines  which  are  after¬ 
wards  reproduced  with  instruments  in  the  form  of  working-  draw- 

ings.  , 

Students  are  taught  how  to  make  careful  tracings  from  their 
drawings,  and  from  these  tracings  how  to  make  copies  by  the  blue 
print  process ;  the  black  print  process  is  also  taught.  Considerable 
copying  of  machinery  from  good  examples  is  required;  there  are 
in  the  drafting  room  for  this  purpose,  working  drawings  from 
prominent  manufacturers,  and  from  the  engineering  department  of 
the  United  States  Navy. 


20 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


The  students  receive  careful  instruction  in  lettering  working 
drawings,  so  that  in  addition  to  being  skillfully  lettered,  they  shall 
be  easily  read  and  understood.  Much  time  is  spent  at  the  drafting 
table,  in  designing  machines.  In  some  instances  machines  are  built 
in  the  College  shops  from  these  designs. 

Machine  Design  is  taken  up  for  one  term,  and  the  students 
make  designs  for  screws,  bolts,  nuts,  gears,  and  complete  machines, 
such  as  arbor  presses,  drill  presses,  lathes,  engines,  etc.  In  this  con¬ 
nection  the  students  make  use  of  classroom  notes,  reference  books, 
and  notes  and  sketches  made  by  themselves  from  their  experimental 
work  and  their  reading. 

Carpentry  and  Joinery.  The  classroom  work,  by  means  of 
text-books  and  lectures,  takes  up  the  study  of  the  cutting  edge  of 
\  arious  wood-working  tools  and  machinery  and  the  means  of  keep¬ 
ing  them  in  good  order;  an  explanation  of  the  construction  of  each 
tool  and  its  manner  of  acting  on  the  materials,  the  methods  of  de¬ 
termining  how  to  select  materials  best  suited  to  different  kinds  of 
work;  the  manner  of  laying  out  the  work,  cutting  speed  of  tools, 
etc. ;  the  shrinkage  and  warping  of  woods  and  the  different  modes 
of  sawing  into  lumber,  and  the  various  forms  and  uses  of  framing 
and  other  joints. 

For  the  purpose  of  classroom  illustration,  the  department  pos¬ 
sesses  a  good  collection  of  models  of  the  various  joints  used  in  tim¬ 
ber  work  in  building  construction.  The  strength  of  various  timber 
joints  used  in  building  construction  is  considered. 

Pattern-Making  and  Foundry  Work.  The  most  advan¬ 
tageous  forms  of  patterns  are  discussed  with  regard  to  the  proper 
distribution  of  the  metal  and  the  best  form  for  moulding  in  the 
foundry,  the  proper  construction  of  core  boxes  and  the  various  ma¬ 
terials  from  which  they  may  be  made.  Core  mixtures,  core-making, 
baking  and  finishing,  receive  careful  consideration.  The  subject 
of  core  ovens  is  considered  with  reference  to  their  form,  construction 
and  management,  various  types  of  cupola  furnaces  are  discussed, 
methods  of  lining,  introduction  of  the  blast,  the  placing  of  tapping 
and  slag  holes,  different  forms  of  tuyeres. 

Forge  Work  is  taught  by  lectures  on  iron  and  steel,  and  es¬ 
pecially  with  reference  to  their  management  in  the  fire  and  in  the 
processes  of  tempering,  hardening  and  annealing. 

Machine  Work  and  Vise  Work  are  taught  in  a  similarity 
thorough  and  careful  manner. 

Modern  Machine  Shop  Methods  and  Appliances.  This 
subject  is  taught  in  the  classroom  by  means  of  text-books  and  lec¬ 
tures.  The  aim  is  to  familiarize  the  student  with  up-to-date  meth¬ 
ods  under  various  conditions  of  practice  and  with  such  machines  and 
appliances  as  do  not  come  under  his  immediate  observation  in  our 
shops. 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


21 


Machinery  and  Mill  Work  receives  attention;  methods  of 
arranging  shops  and  machinery  are  investigated,  and  the  trans¬ 
mission  of  power  for  shop  purposes  is  studied.  Important  engin¬ 
eering  developments,  as  they  occur,  are  discussed  in  the  classroom 
in  connection  with  the  studies  to  which  they  relate. 

Pumping  Machinery.  A  study  of  pumps  of  different  styles 
and  sizes.  Principles  of  action ;  principal  types ;  arrangement  of 
parts ;  proportion,  efficiency,  etc. 

Steam  Engine  Design.  It  is  the  endeavor  to  have  this  work 
conform  to  the  best  modern  practice,  and  to  supplement  the  instruc¬ 
tion  given,  by  requiring  the  student  to  investigate  existing  engines 
with  regard  to  their  design  and  construction. 


Lavatory,  Containing  24  Set  Bowls  and  188  Lockers. 


Blue  prints  of  drawings  furnished  by  prominent  maufacturers 
are  also  used,  and  show  the  prevailing  forms  of  engines  in  use. 

Gas  and  Oil  Engines.  Theory  and  construction  of  gas  and 
oil  engines,  ignitors,  governors,  etc. 


22  The  State  Agricultural  College. 

Compressed  Air  Machinery.  The  study  of  motors,  com¬ 
pressors,  hoists  and  various  air  tools. 

Transmission  of  Power.  A  study  is  made  of  the  var¬ 
ious  forms  of  power  transmission  in  shops  and  factories,  shafts, 
pulleys,  gears,  couplings,  bearings;  belts,  rope  and  chain  transmis¬ 
sion  are  taken  up  and  studied. 

Thermo-Dynamics.  This  includes  a  study  of  the  laws  of 
thermo-dynamics  as  applied  to  steam  engines,  gas  engines,  air  com¬ 
pressors,  injectors  and  other  appliances. 

Heating  and  Ventilation.  This  work  includes  the  study 
and  design  of  various  forms  of  heating  and  ventilation  in  common 
use  in  modern  buildings. 

Indicators.  Practice  with  the  steam  engine  indicator;  study 
of  the  reducing  motion ;  taking*  diagrams  from  engines ;  calculating 
thw  horse  power;  comparison  with  ideal  diagrams,  locating  defects 
in  engine  by  means  of  the  diagram ;  use  of  the  planimeter. 

Strength  of  Materials  is  considered  by  examining  the  phy¬ 
sical  properties  of  the  various  materials  used  in  construction. 

Besides  the  usual  tests  of  beams,  columns  and  other  structural 
pieces,  tests  are  made  of  chains,  ropes,  cables,  solid  bars  and  welded 
bars  of  iron ;  force  required  to  drive  various  kinds  of  nails ;  holding- 
power  of  nails  and  screws,  and  strength  of  bricks,  stones,  marble, 
etc. 

Hydraulics.  The  study  of  hydraulics  from  the  theoretical 
side  takes  one  term.  This  extends  to  the  laws  of  gravity  as  affect¬ 
ing  water,  principles  governing  How  through  orifices,  over  weirs, 
channels,  etc.,  the  loss  of  head  through  pipes,  etc. 

Principles  of  Mechanism  are  studied  with  reference  to  the 
combinations  of  which  machines  are  composed,  and  the  study  of 
designs  for  the  communication  of  motion  by  means  of  gears,  belts, 
links,  etc.,  methods  of  designing  parallel  motions,  quick  return  mo¬ 
tions  and  cone  pulleys.  The  adaptation  to  the  formation  of  gear 
teeth  of  the  involute,  the  epicycloid,  the  logarithmic  spiral,  and 
other  curves,  form  an  important  feature  in  this  course. 

The  department  possesses  a  large  number  of  models  necessary 
for  a  presentation  of  the  subject.  In  many  cases  they  were  con¬ 
structed  by  the  students  from  their  own  designs. 

Railway  Mechanical  Engineering.  The  design  and  con¬ 
struction  of  locomotives,  the  operation  of  the  air  brake  and  the 
study  of  different  forms  of  signals  and  switches. 


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Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


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Spiral  Gears  Made  in  Machine  Room.  Various  Pieces  Made  in  Machine  Room. 

Racks  and  Gears  Made  in  Machine  Room.  Castings  Made  by  Students  in  (he  Foundry. 


24 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


Specifications  and  Contracts.  Complete  working  draw¬ 
ings  for  some  particular  problem  are  made,  the  specifications  are 
made,  and  a  form  of  contract  for  such  a  problem  is  carefully  worked 
out.  The  laws  governing  contracts  and  specifications  are  studied 
as  part  of  this  work. 

Constructive  Engineering.  The  design  and  arrangement 
of  power  plants,  shops  and  factories. 

Electrical  Machinery.  This  work  embraces  the  study  of 
various  forms  of  electrical  machinery,  the  adaptibility  for  different 
purposes,  the  arrangement  of  power  plants,  light  plants  and  the 
placing  of  motors  for  running  single  machines. 

Metallurgy.  Under  this  head  is  taken  up  the  study  of  combus¬ 
tion,  fuels,  furnaces  and  refractory  materials.  Especial  attention 
is  given  to  the  metallurgy  of  iron  and  steel. 

The  Steam  Boiler.  The  various  forms  are  carefullv  studied 

* 

from  the  best  authors. 

The  College  possesses  four  steam  boilers,  to  which  the  students 
have  access,  as  they  also  have  to  many  boilers  owned  by  outside 
parties  near  the  College. 

The  department  has  samples  obtained  from  different  sources 
of  burned  and  torn  sheets  from  exploded  boilers ;  burned  and  pitted 
fines ;  choked  and  corroded  pipes  and  fittings,  and  a  large  collection 
of  parts  of  boilers  showing  conditions  incident  to  boiler  manage¬ 
ment.  Injectors,  pumps,  condenser,  feed-water  heaters  and  econo¬ 
mizers  receive  special  consideration  and  are  thoroughly  investigated. 

Chimney  draft  and  mechanical  draft  are  studied  and  compared 
with  regard  to  their  relative  efficiencies. 

The  Steam  Engine  is  studied  in  its  various  forms  in  general 
and  in  detail.  The  department  has  a  pair  of  indicators  and  all  ap¬ 
pliances  necessary  for  complete  engine  tests.  Careful  attention  is 
given  to  the  study  of  valves  by  means  of  the  Zeuner  and  Bilgram 
diagrams.  Compound  and  condensing  engines  are  studied  with 
reference  to  steam  distribution  and  the  proper  proportion  of  the 
various  parts.  The  thermo-dvnamics  of  the  steam  engine  is  studied 
in  the  Senior  year. 

There  are  four  steam  engines  at  the  College  which  belong  to 
this  department. 

The  department  also  has  three  first  class  steam  pumps  and  an 
inspirator.  These,  with  what  has  already  been  named,  form  a  de¬ 
sirable  equipment  for  the  use  of  the  students. 

Three  of  the  steam  engines  are  provided  with  Pronv  brakes. 
There  has  been  added  a  model  to  be  used  in  studying  the  steam 
engine.  It  shows  the  working  of  a  common  slide  valve,  a  riding 


Department  oe  Mechanical  Engineering. 


valve,  and  the  Corliss  valves  under  varying  conditions.  It  was 
made  for  the  department,  and  enables  the  students  to  get  a  clear 
conception  of  the  working  parts  of  the  steam  engine,  especially  the 
valve  gearing. 

Seminar.  The  Senior  students  in  the  Winter  and  Spring 
terms  use  one  hour  per  week  for  the  consideration  of  articles  of  in¬ 
terest  appearing  in  the  current  technical  papers  and  magazines. 

Students  are  expected  to  read  the  current  technical  literature, 
and  for  their  accommodation  the  College  library  is  well  supplied 
with  the  best  engineering  papers  and  magazines. 

Thesis.  Each  student  is  assigned  a  subject  which  he  is  to  in¬ 
vestigate  and  upon  which  he  must  write  a  satisfactory  thesis.  He 
is  expected  to  rely  upon  himself  as  much  as  possible. 

Visits  oe  Inspection.  During  the  Senior  year  the  students 
make  visits  of  inspection  to  the  large  industrial  establishments  of 
the  State  in  charge  of  an  instructor.  These  visits  are  intended  to 
be  of  educational  value,  and  to  supplement  the  work  done  at  the 
College  and  to  show  the  students  the  practical  application  of  many 
things  taught  in  the  classroom. 

THE  SHOPS 

The  Shops  in  connection  with  the  Mechanical  Engineering 
Department  are  places  where  principles  and  operations  may  be  more 
readily  laid  hold  of  and  permanently  acquired,  than  any  bare  demon¬ 
stration  of  the  classroom  could  accomplish. 

The  shop  instruction  is  divided  into  courses,  and  in  each  course 
is  given,  in  connection  with  the  work,  an  explanation  of  the  con¬ 
struction  of  each  tool  and  its  manner  of  acting  on  the  material,  the 
methods  of  determining  how  to  select  materials  best  suited  to  dif¬ 
ferent  kinds  of  work,  the  manner  of  laying  out  work,  cutting  speed 
of  tools,  etc. 

Bench  Work  in  Wood.  This  course  consists  of  exercises 
with  the  different  wood-working  bench  tools,  so  arranged  in  a 
graded  series  as  to  embrace  the  manipulation  of  the  tools  in  their 
various  applications. 

First,  the  use  of  planes  in  joining,  smoothing  and  getting  the 
piece  out  of  wind,  lining  off,  and  the  use  of  saws  in  cutting  across 
and  with  the  grain,  and  keeping  to  line. 

Then  follows  exercises  in  making  a  halved  splice,  splayed  splice, 
keyed  splice,  open  dovetail  mortise  and  tenon  joint,  small  open  dove¬ 
tail  joint,  lap  joint,  dowel  joint,  newel  post  and  handworked  rail, 
panel  door,  roof  truss,  box,  carpenter’s  trestle.  Instruction  is  given 
in  making  glued  joints,  inlaid  and  scraped  surfaces. 

Students  usually  work  from  drawings.  Cases,  benches,  boxes, 
foundry  flasks  and  a  variety  of  other  useful  articles  are  made. 


26 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


Machine  Work  in  W  ood.  In  connection  with  this  course, 
w  ith  the  use  of  tools,  is  given  the  most  rapid  and  economical  method 
of  selecting  and  preparing  the  wood  for  the  machine.  There  are 
given  examples  of  straight  turning ;  cutting  in  and  squaring  oft ; 
concave,  convex  and  compound  curves ;  handles  for  chisels  and 
other  tools,  and  examples  in  chuck  work  in  separate  and  combined 
pieces. 

Pattern-Making  and  Foundry  Work.  After  becoming 
familiar  with  bench  and  machine  work  in  wood,  an  application  of 
both  is  made  by  constructing  patterns  with  due  regard  to  shrinkage, 
draft  and  the  best  method  of  constructing  the  pattern  so  that  it 
causes  the  least  amount  of  trouble  in  the  foundry.  There  are  given 
examples  of  plain  work ;  core  work ;  pulley  work :  pipe  work ;  gear 
work  ;  core  boxes,  their  use  and  construction. 

After  the  patterns  and  core  boxes  have  been  constructed,  they 
are  taken  to  the  foundry  room  by  the  students,  where  moulds  and 
cores  are  made  and  castings  are  made  in  iron,  brass,  bronze  and 
aluminum. 

In  the  foundry,  the  students  are  taught  how  to  charge  and  man¬ 
age  the  cupola,  each  student  pouring  for  himself  the  hot  metal  for 
the  molds  he  has  made. 

The  management  of  the  brass  furnace  and  core  oven  is  also 
taught. 

Castings  of  iron,  brass  and  other  metals  and  alloys  are  made 
for  vises,  drafting  tables,  dynamos,  steam  engines,  engine  lathes  and 
other  things  needed. 

Forge  Work,  Students  are  carried  through  a  series  of  care- 

o 

fully  graded  exercises  in  both  iron  and  steel,  working  from  draw¬ 
ings  in  each  instance.  Many  pieces  are  made  which  are  put  10  a 
practical  use.  They  are  taught  how  to  bend,  twist,  upset,  draw  and 
weld  iron  and  steel,  how  to  anneal,  case  harden,  temper,  braze,  etc. 

A  fine  power  hammer  and  a  power  shears  are  at  hand  for  the 
instruction  and  use  of  students. 

Lathe,  planer  and  shaper  tools  are  made  by  the  students  in  this 
room :  also  cold  chisels,  center  punches,  smith  tools,  brass  furnace 
crucible  tongs,  skimmers  and  all  bolts,  braces  and  other  iron  and 
steel  work  as  may  be  needed. 

Machine  Work  in  Metal.  The  care  and  management  of 
tools  and  their  construction  are  taught. 

Cutting  speed  of  tools  and  proper  angle  of  cutting  edge  for 
different  purposes  and  different  metals;  centering  and  straightening 
work;  straight  turning  and  squaring,  boring;  making  and  fitting- 
joints;  chuck  work;  screw  cutting,  inside  and  outside;  drilling,  tap¬ 
ping  and  reaming;  boring  with  boring  bar  and  use  of  center  rest: 


Department  oe  Mechanical  Engineering. 


polishing  and  finishing;  hand-tool  work.  Every  shop  exercise  is 
Graded  and  marked  in  the  same  manner  as  a  classroom  recitation, 

o 

each  piece  of  work  being  regarded  as  of  educational  value. 

This  work  is  so  planned  that  much  of  it,  when  completed,  forms 
some  part  of  a  machine  or  other  product.  A  five-horse  power  ver- 
ticle  steam  engine  complete  in  all  its  details,  a  number  of  drafting 
tables,  boring  bars,  gears,  vises,  bells  and  small  tools  for  use  in  the 
shop,  serve  to  illustrate  the  practical  use  to  which  shop  products  are 
put. 


Practical  Mechanics.  For  those  whose  time  and  means  are 
limited,  a  short  course  in  practical  mechanics  is  provided.  This 
course  covers  practically  the  work  of  the  First  and  Second  Sub- 
Freshman  years. 

The  work  has  for  its  object  a  systematic  and  progressive  educa¬ 
tion  in  the  use  of  tools  and  materials,  combined  with  as  much  theo¬ 
retical  knowledge  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  explain  the  prin¬ 
ciples  involved.  It  does  not  teach  special  trades  or  manufacture 
salable  articles ;  to  do  so  would  require  that  the  student  be  kept  on 
the  kind  of  work  that  he  could  do  best,  and  thus  prevent  him  from 
acquiring  broad  and  liberal  ideas  of  other  methods.  So,  without 
teaching  any  complete  trade,  the  mechanical  principles  of  many  are 
gained.  This  does  not  necessarily  mean  that  the  student  becomes 
sufficiently  expert  to  compete  with  the  skilled  mechanic,  but  that 
a  knowledge  of  how  a  tool  or  machine  should  be  used,  and  the  man¬ 
ner  of  laying  out  work  for  it,  are  thoroughly  taught. 

Should  circumstances  be  such  as  to  cause  the  student  to  enter 
manufacturing,  his  ideas  have  been  broadened  by  his  training,  and 
he  will  more  readily  grasp  anything  new  that  may  come  up  in  his 
business,  or  should  he  take  up  farming  he  will,  with  greater  ease, 
be  able  to  understand  the  mechanical  principles  and  workings  of  his 
machinery,  and  know  how  to  keep  it  and  his  buildings  in  proper 
repair. 


Tool-Room  System.  There  is  a  well-arranged  tool-room, 
fitted  up  with  a  check  system  designed  to  accustom  students  to  order 
and  neatness  and  the  names  of  the  tools  in  use.  Here  are  kept  the 
gauges,  calipers,  drills,  mandrels,  chucks,  dies,  taps,  reamers,  and 
a  large  collection  of  the  highest  grade  of  machinists’  tools,  such  as 
are  found  in  a  well  organized  commercial  establishment. 


28 


The  State  Agricultural  College 


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Department  oe  Mechanical  Engineering.  29 

THE  EQUIPMENT 

Mechanical  Engineering  Building.  This  building  includes 
two  large  main  portions,  two  stories  high,  and  an  ell,  one  story 
high. 

The  first  story  of  the  north  front  of  the  building  is  occupied  as 
follows ;  The  east  end  contains  the  office  of  the  Professor  of  Me¬ 
chanical  Engineering.  The  tool  room  is  in  the  middle  of  the  south 
side  of  the  room ;  it  is  supplied  with  a  good  assortment  of  small 
tools,  such  as  taps,  dies,  reamers,  gauges,  and  milling  machine  cut¬ 
ters.  The  tools  for  cutting,  threading  and  fitting  iron  pipe  are  also 
kept  in  the  room.  These  tools  will  handle  pipe  from  one-quarter 
inch  up  to  two  inches.  Taps  are  provided  for  each  size  of  pipe. 

The  machine  shop  is  also  on  this  floor  and  occupies  the  middle 
portion  of  the  building.  It  is  supplied  with  a  fine  assortment  of 
tools  for  working  the  metals.  Around  the  room  are  benches,  with 
iron  vises  fitted  for  the  work  in  chipping  and  filing. 

There  are  in  this  room  two  16-inch  engine  lathes,  two  17-inch 
engine  lathes,  two  14-inch  engine  lathes,  one  13-inch  engine  lathe, 
one  speed  lathe,  one  20-inch  drill  press,  one  6-foot  planer,  one  15- 
inch  shaper,  one  universal  milling  machine  with  gear-cutting  at¬ 
tachments,  a  grindstone,  an  emery  wheel  stand  carrying  two  wheels, 
a  universal  tool  and  cutter  grinder,  a  twist  drill  grinding  machine, 
an  emery  wheel  stand  carrying  two  wheels  16  inches  in  diameter, 
a  36-inch  grindstone,  a  10-inch  sensitive  drilling  machine,  and  one 
power  metal  saw. 

An  extra  bench,  standing  near  the  middle  of  the  room,  is  fitted 
with  a  pipe  vise  and  furnished  with  the  necessary  tools  for  instruc¬ 
tion  in  pipe  fitting. 

At  the  west  end  of  this  story  are  two  well-lighted  classrooms 
used  for  instruction  in  Mechanical  Engineering.  These  rooms  con¬ 
tain  a  number  of  good  models.  The  upper  story  of  this  portion 
of  the  building  is  devoted  to  bench  and  machine  work  in  wood. 
There  are  37  benches,  each  supplied  with  a  complete  set  of  carpen¬ 
ters'  tools.  The  other  appliances  are :  One  24-inch  surface  planer, 
one  30-inch  band  saw,  one  scroll  saw,  one  double  circular  saw  bench, 
one  foot  mortiser,  one  steam  glue  heater,  eight  wood-turning  lathes, 
a  16-inch  pattern-maker’s  lathe  with  compound  rest,  a  wood  trim¬ 
mer,  a  36-inch  grindstone  and  a  good  supply  of  clamps. 

In  the  lower  story  of  the  east  main  portion  of  the  building  is 
the  engine  room,  containing  the  50-horse-power  Corliss  engine, 
which  furnishes  power  for  the  entire  plant.  This  engine  is  supplied 
with  indicator  attachments.  The  students  are  given  an  oppor¬ 
tunity  to  take  and  work  up  indicator  cards.  For  this  purpose  the 
department  has  a  pair  of  Crosby  indicators.  A  dead  weight  gauge 
tester  affords  a  means  of  correcting  steam  gauges. 


30 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


Opposite  the  engine  room  is  the  lavatory  with  lockers  for  188 
students  and  set  wash  bowls  with  hot  and  cold  water  supply 
and  room  enough  for  twenty-four  students  at  a  time  to  wash. 

The  drawing  room,  which  occupies  the  upper  part  of  this 
building,  has  accommodations  for  fifty  students.  In  the  ell  por¬ 
tion  of  the  building  are  found  iron  store-room,  blacksmith  shop,  and 
foundry. 

The  blacksmith  shop  is  fitted  up  in  a  most  convenient  and 
modern  form.  There  are  twenty-five  forges,  all  attached  to  a  sys¬ 
tem  of  pipes  for  supplying  a  blast  to  the  fires  and  for  taking  the 
gases  from  the  forges.  Each  forge  is  supplied  with  a  complete  set 
of  smith  tools.  There  are  extra  tools,  sledges,  vises,  a  pair  of  metal 
shears  and  a  power  hammer. 

The  foundry  is  at  the  west  end  of  the  ell  and  has  very  complete 
appointments.  It  contains  a  20-inch  cupola,  a  brass  furnace,  a  core 
oven,  and  about  200  flasks  of  various  kinds  and  sizes.  It  is  well 
supplied  with  the  necessary  bench  and  floor  tools,  ladles,  shanks, 
skimmers  and  a  moulding  machine.  Most  of  the  equipment  for 
this  room,  including  the  cupola  and  brass  furnace,  was  made  by  the 
students. 

Mechanical  Engineering  Laboratory.  The  building  is 
situated  directly  south  of  the  present  Mechanical  Engineering  build¬ 
ing,  and  is  known  as  the  Mechanical  Engineering  Laboratory.  It  is 
40  feet  wide  and  60  feet  long,  and  built  of  pressed  brick. 

The  object  of  the  work  of  the  Laboratory  is  to  give  the  ad¬ 
vanced  students  an  opportunity  to  make  investigations  of  the  phy¬ 
sical  properties  of  materials  of  construction  entering  into  buildings, 
machinery,  and  other  structures,  and  also  to  make  tests  and  examina¬ 
tions  of  different  kinds  of  boilers,  engines,  motors,  pumps,  and  all 
kinds  of  mechanical  appliances  which  may  be  obtained  for  the  use 
of  the  department.  A  number  of  pieces  of  apparatus  have  been 
given  by  generous  parties  for  carrying  on  this  work. 

As  a  great  deal  of  the  work  of  investigation  is  along  the  line 
of  steam  engineering,  a  new  8o-horse  power  boiler  is  placed  in  the 
laboratory  in  order  to  have  the  steam  needed  close  at  hand.  The 
boiler  is  so  arranged  as  to  allow  of  its  being  subjected  to  regular 
commercial  and  scientific  tests,  and  students  are  instructed  how  to 
find  the  horse-power,  how  to  test  for  strength,  how  to  test  the  quality 
and  quantity  of  the  steam  furnished  by  the  boiler,  and  to  obtain  its 
efficiency. 

To  test  the  quality  of  steam,  that  is,  to  find  out  the  amount  of 
moisture  in  it,  there  are  on  hand  four  different  styles  of  calori¬ 
meters,  a  Carpenter  throttling  calorimeter,  a  Carpenter  continuous 
calorimeter  and  a  Barrus  calorimeter.  There  is  also  a  calorimeter 
devised  and  made  by  the  students.  In  connection  with  these  calori- 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering.  31 

meters  there  are  thirteen  thermometers  of  a  high  degree  of  accur¬ 
acy.  These  are  cylindrical  bulb  thermometers.  There  are  also 
several  high  grade  steam-pipe  thermometers,  designed  to  get  the 
temperature  of  steam  flowing  through  pipes. 

A  draft  gauge  is  also  provided  for  measuring  the  draft  of  the 
smoke  stack  in  connection  with  the  boiler  trials.  Provision  is  also 
made  to  secure  samples  of  the  chimney  gases  for  chemical  analysis, 
in  order  to  assist  in  ascertaining  the  thoroughness  of  combustion 
of  the  fuel.  The  temperature  of  the  gases  may  also  be  taken  with  a 
suitable  instrument  which  is  provided.  Several  mercurial  pressure 
and  vacuum  columns  are  provided.  All  instruments  are  carefully 
calibrated  before  tests  are  made  with  them. 

A  large  tank  and  weighing  scales  are  provided,  so  that  the 
amount  of  water  used  and  turned  into  steam  may  be  ascertained 
while  the  trial  is  being  made.  Three  steam  engines  are  in  the  build¬ 
ing:  One  of  1 2-horse-power,  made  by  the  Denver  Engineering 
Company ;  one  of  6-horse-power ;  another  of  5-horse-power ;  the 
latter  was  made  by  the  students.  These  engines  may  be  run  with 
different  loads  and  at  different  speeds.  Upon  these  engines  brakes 
are  placed,  so  that  the  load  on  the  engine  may  be  accurately  meas¬ 
ured.  The  students  are  instructed  how  to  set  eccentrics  and  valves, 
and  how  to  ascertain  the  horse-power  of  the  engines.  For  this 
latter  purpose  there  are  on  hand  two  Crosby  steam  engine  indicators, 
with  five  springs  each,  for  varying  pressures  of  steam.  Reducing 
rigs  are  ready  for  use  with  the  indicators  and  are  used  to  make  the 
stroke  of  the  indicators  proportionate  to  the  stroke  of  the  engine. 
There  is  also  a  reductor  at  hand,  for  the  same  purpose,  made  by 
Schaeffer  &  Budenburg,  Xew  York. 

A  United  States  Observatory  barometer,  made  by  Henry  J. 
Green,  of  Brooklyn,  is  in  the  building,  to  be  used  in  connection  with 
the  boiler,  engine  and  pressure  tests  of  various  kinds.  The  air¬ 
brake  appliance,  made  by  the  Westinghouse  Airbrake  Company,  is 
in  this  building.  It  consists  of  a  complete  outfit  for  engine,  tender 
and  one  car,  including  all  the  tanks,  valves  and  engineer's 
valve.  Besides  using  this  for  the  purpose  of  investigating,  the  air 
pump  attached  is  used  to  furnish  air  to  other  kinds  of  pneumatic 
machinery.  There  is  also  a  quick  action  triple  valve,  made  by  the 
Xew  York  Airbrake  Company. 

There  are  micrometers  and  verniers  ready  for  use,  which  will 
measure  in  thousandths  of  an  inch.  An  ingenious  water  meter  reg¬ 
isters  the  number  of  gallons  of  water  passing  through  a  pipe  in  a 
given  time.  This  is  used  in  connection  with  the  hydraulic  work. 
The  planimeter  is  used  for  measuring  the  area  of  diagrams  drawn 
upon  paper,  and  is  used  in  connection  with  the  figuring  out  of  test 
diagrams  of  various  kinds.  It  is  of  the  Amsler  design.  Revolution 
counters  are  used  in  connection  with  the  engine  and  the  motor  tests. 


3 2  The  State  Agricultural  College. 

There  are  three  steam  pumps  in  this  laboratory,  two  made  by 
George  F.  Blake,  of  New  York,  the  other  by  M.  F.  Davidson,  of 
Brooklyn,  New  York.  The  setting  of  valves  and  the  testing  of  the 
efficiency  of  these  pumps  are  features  of  the  work.  Nine  steam 
gauges  have  been  presented  by  different  makers,  which  give  a  good 
variety  upon  which  to  make  investigations.  For  testing  gauges  two 
first-class  machines  are  ready;  one  for  testing  pressure  gauges,  the 
other  for  testing  vacuum  gauges. 

A  No.  5  Humphryes  hydraulic  ram  affords  a  good  illustration 
of  this  interesting  piece  of  mechanism  and  gives  the  students  an  op¬ 
portunity  to  make  tests. 

A  steel  tower  twenty-five  feet  high  and  thirty  inches  in  diameter 
made  by  the  Star  Boiler  Works  of  Denver,  Colorado,  enables  the 
students  to  do  considerable  work  with  hydraulic  and  pneumatic 
machinery.  It  is  built  to  be  used  at  a  working  pressure  of  125 
pounds  to  the  square  inch. 

Two  sizes  of  the  Hancock  inspirator  furnish  means  of  studying 
this  highly  interesting  instrument.  Tables  are  arranged  at  conven¬ 
ient  intervals  in  the  room  at  which  the  students  are  first  required  to 
make  their  theoretical  and  mathematical  calculations,  and  after¬ 
wards  compare  the  practical  results  of  the  tests  with  these  calcula¬ 
tions.  Tabulated  results  of  all  tests  are  made  upon  blanks  of  suitable 
form. 

DEPARTMENT  LIBRARY 

The  department  library  contains  a  large  number  of  books  of  the 
principal  authorities  on  the  subjects  relating  to  the  work  in  engin¬ 
eering  ;  the  students  have  access  to  these  and  also  to 

THE  GENERAL  LIBRARY 

The  library  contains  about  25,000  volumes  and  about  15,000 
pamphlets  and  other  unbound  material  usually  found  in  a  college 
library. 

THEORY  AND  PRACTICE 

Attention  is  called  to  the  combination  of  theoretical 
and  practical  instruction  here  offered.  Thorough  and  care¬ 
ful  instruction  is  given  with,  or  is  supplemented  by,  the  most 
practical  application  of  the  same  in  all  ways.  In  every  instance 
where  it  is  possible,  the  work  of  the  classroom  is  supplemented  by 
work  in  a  corresponding  laboratory,  where  the  experimental  work 
is  performed  according  to  the  latest  and  most  approved  methods 
with  the  best  machines  and  materials.  The  practical  applications 
of  mechanical  theories  broaden  the  conceptions  of  these  truths 
and  make  them  easier  to  grasp  and  more  easily  retained ;  by  studying 
the  construction  of  machines  the  abstract  mathematical  laws  are 
better  understood  and  their  significance  becomes  more  evident. 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering.  33 

DEGREES 

Upon  those  who  complete  the  work  of  the  course  in  a  satis¬ 
factory  manner,  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  upon  recommenda¬ 
tion  of  the  Faculty  of  Instruction,  confers  the  degree  of  Bachelor 
of  Science. 

On  those  who  already  have  the  degrees  of  Bachelor  of  Science 
the  degree  of  Master  of  Science  will  be  conferred  on  the  comple¬ 
tion  of  a  course  of  study  which  has  been  accepted  by  and  been  under 
the  direction  of  the  Faculty.  The  course  must  extend  through  two 
years  and  should  include  one  major  and  two  minor  lines  of  work. 
The  course  of  work  should  be  accepted  as  early  as  October.  The 
subject  of  the  thesis  presented  should  be  selected  by  December,  and 
the  thesis  itself  which  should  show  power  of  independent  investiga¬ 
tion,  presented  by  May  1st,  preceding  commencement. 

The  degree  of  Mechanical  Engineer  will  be  conferred  on  similar 
conditions  and  for  a  similar  amount  of  technical  work,  which  must 
also  show  the  possession  of  experience  on  the  part  of  the  applicant. 

MILITARY 

The  importance  of  military  training,  both  to  the  individual  and 
the  State,  is  so  apparent  that  comment  thereon  is  here  unnecessary, 
further  than  to  say  that  the  physical  training  and  development  alone 
is  sufficient  proof  of  its  benefits.  The  growing  demand  for  mili¬ 
tary  instruction  in  connection  with  school  work,  and  the  fact  that  the 
State  Agricultural  College  is  the  only  State  institution  where  such 
a  department  exists,  has.  led  the  authorities  to  make  the  work  as 
thorough  as  practicable. 

For  instruction  the  cadets  are  formed  into  companies  and  the 
companies  form  a  battalion.  Each  company  has  a  captain,  two  lieu¬ 
tenants,  five  sergeants  and  five  corporals.  The  officers  and  non¬ 
commissioned  officers  are  selected  from  those  in  the  higher  classes 
showing  the  most  proficiency  in  the  work. 

All  military  exercises  are  performed  in  accordance  with  the 
United  States  Drill  Regulations. 

Practice  in  artillery  drill  is  had  during  the  spring  term.  This 
is  instruction  in  the  school  of  the  cannoneer,  unmounted,  and  is  in  ac¬ 
cordance  with  the  United  States  Artillery  Drill  Regulations. 

The  signal  corps  does  practical  work  in  transmitting  messages, 
both  by  means  of  signal  flags  and  with  heliographs.  The  systems 
used  are  the  same  as  those  used  in  the  Government  service. 

During  unfavorable  weather  theoretical  instruction  is  given 
with  occasional  drills  in  the  manual  of  arms,  which  can  be  executed 
by  the  battalion  as  a  whole,  within  the  armory. 

The  department  is  equipped  with  250  cadet  rifles,  belts,  cart- 


34 


The  State  Agricultural  College. 


ridge  boxes,  bayonets  and  scabbards ;  two  3-inch  rifled  field  pieces ; 
National  and  Battalion  colors;  swords  for  officers;  signal  flags  and 
heliographs ;  drums  and  trumpets  for  a  field  band  of  fourteen  mem¬ 
bers. 

An  officer  from  the  United  States  Army  is  stationed  at  the  Coh 
lege  by  the  General  Government  to  give  military  instruction  to  the 
students. 


EXPENSES 

Tuition  in  all  the  regular  and  special  classes  of  the  College  is 
free.  There  is  no  charge  of  any  kind  for  material  used  in  the  labor¬ 
atory  work  or  for  books  taken  from  the  College  library.  An  en¬ 
trance  fee  of  three  dollars  will  be  required  of  every  student.  This 
will  be  remitted  and  passed  over  to  the  Athletic  Association,  upon 
the  written  statement  of  the  Secretary  of  this  Association  that  the 
student  has  become  an  active  member  of  the  Association. 

The  College  issues  a  general  catalogue  which  gives  information 
regarding  other  courses  of  study,  registration,  discipline,  athletics, 
College  organizations,  boarding  clubs,  cost  of  living  and  much  other 
information  useful  to  those  who  contemplate  taking  a  College  course. 
Catalogues  may  be  obtained  by  addressing  the  President  of  the 
College. 

For  further  information  regarding  the  Department  of  Me¬ 
chanical  Engineering  address 

J.  W.  LAWRENCE, 

The  State  Agricultural  College, 

FORT  COLLINS,  COLORADO 


Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering 


35 


Buildings  of  the  Department  of  Mechanical  Engineering. 


